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The BBC's Katya Adler says many people are lost for words over the result
Italy's parliamentary elections have ended in stalemate and the possibility of a hung parliament.
With all domestic votes counted, Pier Luigi Bersani's centre-left bloc won the lower house vote but has failed to secure a majority in the Senate.
News of the results led to a sharp fall on Italian financial markets.
Mr Berlusconi conceded the lower house vote but control of both houses is needed to govern. A protest movement led by comedian Beppe Grillo won 25%.
Meanwhile a bloc led by current Prime Minister Mario Monti came a poor fourth, with about 10%.
The outcome of the election, which comes amid a deep recession and tough austerity measures, was so close that the margin of victory given in interior ministry figures was less than 1% in both houses of parliament.
"It is clear to everyone that a very delicate situation is emerging for the country," said centre-left leader Pier Luigi Bersani as the last of the votes were being counted.
A complicating factor in the election is the extraordinary performance of the protest movement led by the comedian Beppe Grillo. One in four voters backed a movement that was built on disgust against the political class. Many of its new MPs will be young and inexperienced.
There will now be a period of horse-trading to see whether any party can build a coalition to govern the country.
The centre-left will try first to form a coalition but many believe that within months there will have to be another election.
Italy is the third largest economy in the eurozone, and already there is anxiety in the markets as to where this results leaves economic reforms.
Mr Berlusconi conceded to his opponents in the lower house. He said that everyone should now reflect on what to do next, but fresh elections should be avoided. He would not do a deal with Mr Monti's centrist bloc, he added, saying that the prime minister's poor showing was down to popular discontent with his austerity measures.
With returns from all polling stations processed, the interior ministry figures gave Mr Bersani's centre-left bloc 29.54% of the vote for the lower house (Chamber of Deputies), barely ahead of the 29.18% polled by Mr Berlusconi's bloc.
Votes cast outside Italy are still to be collected.
Mr Bersani also won the national vote for the Senate, but was unable to secure the 158 seats required for a majority.
As bonus seats are distributed in the upper house according to regional votes, Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right bloc was expected to emerge with a higher number of seats.
Chamber of Deputies (lower house):
- Pier Luigi Bersani's centre-left Democratic Party-led bloc: 29.54% of the vote
- Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right People of Freedom Party-led bloc: 29.18%
- Beppe Grillo's anti-austerity Five Star Movement: 25.55%
- Mario Monti's Civic Choice movement: 10.56%
The Senate (upper house):
- Neither of the two biggest parties and their allies thought to be close to the 158 seats needed to have a working majority
- Latest figures show the Democratic Party bloc winning about 113 seats (31.63% of the vote)
- The People of Freedom Party bloc to win 116 seats (30.72% of the vote)
- Five Star Movement to win 54 seats (23.79%)
- Civic Choice 18 seats (9.13%)
Source: Interior ministry
Mr Berlusconi was heading for victory in three of the four big regions - Lombardy in the north, Campania in the centre, and Sicily in the south.
'War of generations'Initial exit polls on Monday afternoon gave Mr Bersani's bloc a clear victory, prompting the Milan stock market to soar by nearly 4%.
But as the close result became clear the markets fell back.
Italy's FTSE MIB index fell 4.7%, while London's FTSE 100 shed 1.5% and share markets in Frankfurt and Paris also fell more than 2%.
In New York, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 1.55% and Asian markets lost between 0.7% and 2.2%.
The yield on Italian government bonds rose sharply, implying markets are more wary of lending to Italy.
The apparent split between left and right in the eurozone's third largest economy is likely to cause great anxiety among leaders in other EU member states.
The BBC's Gavin Hewitt says a period of horse-trading will now follow, and the leading blocs will try in turn to form a coalition.
But, with the electorate apparently so divided, many believe a second election will have to follow in a few months.
Mr Berlusconi, 76, left office in November 2011, facing claims of economic mismanagement as the eurozone struggled to contain Italy's debt crisis.
Italians have had more than a year of technocratic government under Mario Monti. But his attempts to reduce spending caused widespread public resentment and his decision to head a centrist list in the parliamentary elections attracted little more than 10% of the vote.
"Some supposed we'd get a slightly better result but I am very satisfied, we are very satisfied," he said.
In a surge in support, Beppe Grillo's anti-austerity Five Star Movement attracted 25.54% of the vote, making it the most popular single party in the lower chamber.
Correspondents say this was an extraordinary success for the Genoese comic, whose tours around the country throughout the election campaign - hurling insults against a discredited political class - resulted in his party performing well in both chambers.
"We've started a war of generations," Mr Grillo said in an audio statement on his website which taunted the leaders of the mainstream parties.
"They are all losers, they've been there for 25 to 30 years and they've led this country to catastrophe."
As the extent of his success became clear on Monday night, Mr Grillo's supporters in his home town of Genoa celebrated early into Tuesday morning.
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