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Business minister Michael Fallon: "This is a huge day for Royal Mail"
Royal Mail shares are to be sold by mid-October, before postal workers have a chance to strike over the move.
The company is valued at £2.6bn to £3.3bn, the government said on Friday.
The Department for Business said Royal Mail would list on the London Stock Exchange next month. BBC business editor Robert Peston says that the privatisation should be complete by 15 October.
He adds that this is "long before" a possible strike could happen.
Postal workers will on Friday begin voting on whether to take industrial action to oppose the plan.
In a statement, the government said that 10% of the shares, priced between 260p and 330p, would be given to about 150,000 "eligible UK-based Royal Mail employees".
The government will also sell between 40.1% and 52.2% of the Royal Mail under its privatisation proposal.
End QuoteThere is perhaps a Thatcherite confrontational tint to the whole exercise, unusual for a government led by David Cameron, whose own ideological roots seem more Blairite than Iron Lady"
Business Secretary Vince Cable said: "This will give Royal Mail access to the private capital it needs to modernise, as envisaged under successive governments and enshrined in law by Parliament two years ago. "
Moya Greene, chief executive of Royal Mail, said that the company would "not change".
"We will now be better able to compete in what is a fast changing and intensely competitive market," she added.
Strikes?Members of the public can apply for Royal Mail shares online until 8 October. So-called "conditional dealings" in shares on the London Stock Exchange will begin on 11 October, while "unconditional dealings" will commence on 15 October.
The minimum application for the public wishing to purchase shares is £750, or £500 for eligible Royal Mail employees.
The Communication Workers Union (CWU) is balloting 100,000 of its members on a nationwide strike over the privatisation, as well as on changes to salary and pensions.
The CWU on Friday in statement said it "criticised" the government for pressing ahead with what it called an "unpopular" privatisation.
CWU general secretary Billy Hayes said: "It seems remarkable that the prospectus is being issued on the same day that postal workers are being sent ballot papers for strike action."
Mr Hayes added: "Royal Mail is profitable and can continue to be successful in the public sector. The sale is driven by political dogma, not economic necessity, and postal workers and the CWU will continue to fight to save services as well as defend their terms and conditions."
Voting in the strike ballot will close on 16 October. The earliest a strike could take place is 23 October.
'Priced to sell'Our business editor adds that this is a "very big moment" in the history of the 500-year-old postal service, describing the government's programme as "ambitious".
He adds: "Remember that industrial relations are pretty terrible at the moment, and the government's timetable for this means it is now impossible for there to be a strike before the privatisation is done. It will be in the private sector before there can be a strike."
Business minister Michael Fallon told the BBC that the six-day-a-week delivery, or "universal service", was "completely protected," but private investment would help the Royal Mail improve that service.
"It's a business that needs access to private capital," he added.
Postal economist David Stubbs told the BBC that the pricing of the shares was "low".
"Under some scenarios, this looks cheap. If the Royal Mail is able to keep its market share and to keep its industrial relations issues under control, then this pricing is low.
"It looks like the price reflects the government's desire for a quick sale."
Mr Stubbs added, however, that if there were continuing problems with its labour relations, and if competitors began to gain an advantage, the value would be less than the range given by the government on Friday.
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