Nearly half of big companies in the UK use a total of 1.4 million zero-hours contracts, a study from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) says.
Zero-hours contracts do not guarantee a minimum number of hours of employment.
The ONS recently estimated that 583,000 people, around 2% of the UK workforce, were employed on zero-hours contracts between October and December 2013.
It said the data suggested that most workers on such contracts had at least two jobs.
The study found that more than one in five health and social workers are employed on zero-hours contacts.
But zero-hours contracts are rare in financial services, the ONS found.
People with zero-hours contracts were disproportionately students, female and under 25 or over 65, the study also found.
"These patterns may partly reflect the groups most likely to find the flexibility of 'zero-hours contracts' an advantage," the ONS said.
More researchONS said it found evidence of a further 1.3 million contracts where no work was undertaken.
It said the total might include:
- people with contracts with several employers
- agency staff
- those not wanting to work
- those who had found another job elsewhere, but remained on employer records
- people on leave or sick
- and those not offered work during the period of the study.
It added some of contracts "probably" needed to be added to the official 1.4 million estimate, but that it wanted to investigate in more detail.
The ONS said it would carry out further research and report later in 2014.
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