Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg has said his party will continue to oppose a so-called "snoopers' charter".
David Cameron has said the intelligence services need new powers to store and read the contents of communications in the wake of the attacks in Paris.
Mr Clegg said privacy was a "qualified right" but such a response was not proportionate and would "cross a line".
The Liberal Democrats blocked plans for a communications data bill - dubbed the snoopers' charter - in 2012.
At the time Mr Clegg said plans to store details of everyone in the UK's online activity would not happen while his party was in government.
The prime minister has raised the possibility of the plans being revived if he is still in Downing Street after the general election, as well as measures to break into the encrypted communications of suspected terrorists.
'Vast information'Mr Clegg said he backed targeted measures to identify suspected extremists and if necessary examine their communications, saying the state had always reserved the right to "steam open a letter" if it thought those behind it meant harm to others.
But he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that one element of what Mr Cameron was proposing would go much further and would involve "scooping up vast amounts of information on millions of people - children, grandparents and elderly people who do nothing more offensive than visiting gardening centre websites".
"Privacy is a qualified right. If someone wants to do us harm, we should be able to break their privacy and go after their communications," he said.
"But the snoopers' charter was not about intercepting communications.
"It was about storing a record of all your social media activity, of every website you have visited of every single individual in this country, of people who would never dream of doing anyone else any harm, would never dream of becoming a terrorist or having anything to do with extremist ideologies.
"The question we need to ask ourselves, in a free, open society as we defend our values against the abhorrent attacks we saw in Paris, is where do you draw the line?"
Data laws- Draft Communications Data Bill 2012 - Would have extended the range of data communications companies have to store for 12 months. It would have included, for the first time, details of messages sent on social media, webmail, voice calls over the internet and gaming, in addition to emails and phone calls. Officials would not have been able to see the content of the messages without a warrant. The bill, dubbed the "snoopers' charter" by critics, was blocked by the Lib Dems.
- Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014-15 - Introduced as emergency legislation to maintain the requirement for phone and internet companies to log records (but not content) of calls, texts and internet use.
- Counter-Terrorism and Security Bill 2014-15 - Part of the bill going through Parliament would add to the Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act to allow internet protocol (IP) address matching. This would identify the individual or the device that was using a particular IP address at any given time.
The Lib Dems have backed other counter-terrorism data measures, including maintaining the obligation on phone and internet companies to log records - but not the content - of calls, texts and internet use.
Mr Clegg has also supported legislation currently being debated by Parliament which would make it easier for the authorities to match the IP addresses of internet browsers with the devices used.
But Mr Clegg said targeting "dark spaces" on the internet was very different from tracking the communications of everyone in the country, which he suggested was simply not workable.
Boris JohnsonIn a speech at the Irish Embassy later, Mr Clegg is expected to add: "The irony appears to be lost on some politicians who say in one breath that they will defend freedom of expression and then, in the next, advocate a huge encroachment on the freedom of all British citizens."
In the speech, Mr Clegg will also repeat his party's commitment to a Bill of Rights safeguarding freedom of expression.
Speaking to BBC Radio 4's Today programme, London Mayor Boris Johnson, a Conservative, said: "What I'm calling for is to take account of the changes in technology, particularly mobile phone technology, that allow people who mean us harm to communicate in a way that is much much harder to pick up.
"You have to wonder whether in the future, or indeed at present, whether there are communications taking place that are impossible for our services to reach under the current law and whether we could make that interception easier."
Mr Johnson added it is "probably unreasonable" for such a power "to be wielded by a relatively junior police officer".
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