Moscow has voiced concern over an "unprecedented" increase in US and Nato military activity near Russian borders, amid an escalating crisis in Ukraine.
Russia's defence minister condemned "provocative" US and Nato comments.
Pro-Russia activists have seized buildings in more than a dozen towns in east Ukraine and hold seven European military observers in Sloviansk.
The EU has stepped up its sanctions, naming 15 new targets on Tuesday, a day after the US ordered similar measures.
The US sanctions targeted seven Russian individuals and 17 companies which Washington says are linked to President Vladimir Putin's "inner circle".
The European Union's list includes Gen Valery Gerasimov, chief of the Russian General Staff, and Lt Gen Igor Sergun, identified as the head of the Russian military intelligence agency, the GRU.
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Sarah Rainsford saw pro-Russians clash with a group marching for a united Ukraine
It also includes Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Kozak and pro-Russian separatist leaders in Crimea and in the eastern Ukrainian cities of Luhansk and Donetsk.
The BBC's Matthew Price in Brussels says this list does not appear to follow the US line in targeting President Putin's associates, but rather those involved in events on the ground in Ukraine.
'Provocative'In a statement, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu said he had a "candid" hour-long phone call with his American counterpart Chuck Hagel.
Mr Shoigu stressed that US and Nato military activity in eastern Europe was accompanied by "provocative" statements about the need to "contain" Russia.
The US has sent 600 troops to Poland and the Baltic states. Washington says it has deployed the extra troops to reassure Nato allies.
Mr Shoigu announced that Russian troops had returned to their "permanent positions" after conducting military exercises on the border with Ukraine.
The Pentagon said Mr Shoigu had given "assurances that Moscow has no plans to invade Ukraine".
Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov repeated the line on Tuesday, telling Interfax that Moscow was "not at all inclined to repeat the so-called Crimea scenario in south-eastern Ukraine. There are no grounds to fear this".
Mr Hagel called on Moscow to help secure the release of the seven military observers linked to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe who were seized by pro-Russian gunmen in Sloviansk last week.
Some 40 people, including journalists, pro-Kiev activists and three members of Ukraine's security service are being held there.
The Russian ambassador to the OSCE, Andrei Kelin, earlier said Moscow was taking "steps" to secure the observers' release.
Journalist's ordealThe US and EU first imposed visa bans and asset freezes on a number of senior Russian officials and companies after Moscow annexed Crimea from Ukraine last month.
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US journalist Simon Ostrovsky tells of his ordeal at the hands of pro-Russian abductors
On Monday, Washington added to its sanctions list "in response to Russia's continued illegal intervention in Ukraine".
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov said Moscow's response would be "painful for Washington".
Among the individuals named were Igor Sechin, head of state oil giant Rosneft, and Alexei Pushkov, chairman of the committee of international affairs of Russia's lower house.
Gas producer Gazprom, whose chief executive was spared sanctions, warned in a statement on Tuesday that further measures could damage its business and the BBC's Daniel Sandford in Moscow says there is a sense of nervousness in Russia that sanctions may start to bite.
The EU has now announced sanctions on a total of 48 individuals. It has avoided targeting business leaders such as Mr Sechin.
The US has accused Russia of "doing nothing to meet the commitments it made" at a meeting with Ukraine, the US and EU in Geneva on 17 April, which it said had included refraining from violence or provocative acts.
| Name | Position | Sanctioned by |
|---|---|---|
| Putin's 'inner circle' | ||
|
Gennady Timchenko |
Founder of Gunvor (oil and energy market trading) |
US |
|
Arkady Rotenberg and Boris Rotenberg |
Co-owners of SMP Bank and SGM Group |
US |
|
Yuri Kovalchuk |
Largest single shareholder of Bank Rossiya |
US |
|
Igor Sechin |
Head of Rosneft (petroleum company) |
US |
Government officials |
||
|
Sergei Ivanov |
Chief of staff for Presidential Executive Office |
US |
|
Oleg Belaventsev |
Russian presidential envoy to Crimea |
US and EU |
|
Vladimir Yakunin |
Chairman of Russian Railways |
US |
|
Igor Sergun |
Director of GRU |
EU |
|
Valery Gerasimov |
Chief of General Staff of Russian Armed Forces |
EU |
|
Vladimir Kozhin |
Head of administration |
US |
|
Viktor Ivanov |
Director of Federal Drug Control Service |
US |
|
Sergei Naryshkin |
Speaker of the lower house of parliament |
US and EU |
|
Vladislav Surkov |
Presidential aide and election adviser |
US and EU |
|
Dmitry Rogozin |
Deputy Prime Minister |
US and EU |
|
Sergei Glazyev |
Adviser on Ukraine policy |
US and EU |
|
Sergei Mironov |
Member of Russian Parliament |
US |
|
Dmitry Kozak |
Deputy Prime Minister |
US and EU |
|
Ludmila Shvetsova |
Deputy Chair State Duma |
EU |
|
Sergei Chemezov |
Director of Rostec (state high-technologies division) |
US |
Others |
||
|
Bank Rossiya |
Russian bank |
US |
|
Dmitry Kiselyov |
State television news anchor |
EU |
Meanwhile, a US journalist who was kidnapped and held hostage for several days last week by pro-Russian activists has been speaking to the BBC.
Simon Ostrovsky said he was pulled out of his car at a checkpoint in Sloviansk.
"I was separated from my other colleagues and taken down into the basement, blindfolded. I had my hands tied behind my back. I was thrown on the floor and beaten up and held there for the next three days," he said.
But he said he was unable to confirm any of those involved were from Russia.
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